What are the Key Performance Indicators of MTP/MPO Fiber Cables?

MTP/MPO fiber cables play a pivotal role in modern data transmission infrastructure, supporting the high-bandwidth demands of data centers, telecommunications, and other advanced applications. To ensure optimal network performance and reliability, it is crucial to understand the key performance indicators (KPIs) of these cables.

1. Insertion Loss (IL)

Insertion Loss is a fundamental metric that measures the amount of signal power loss a fiber cable experiences during transmission. For MTP/MPO cables, lower IL is always better, as it directly impacts signal quality and data transmission efficiency. Typically, IL is measured in decibels (dB), and most high-performance MTP/MPO cables offer IL below 0.35 dB. However, it’s crucial to note that actual IL may vary based on the cable's quality, manufacturing precision, and environmental factors such as temperature and installation handling. Consistently low IL means that the cable can support long-distance transmissions without degradation, which is essential for high-bandwidth applications, like data centers and cloud services.

2. Return Loss (RL)

Return Loss refers to the amount of signal reflected back toward the source in a fiber optic link. In the context of MTP/MPO fiber cables, a higher RL is desired, indicating minimal signal reflection and, consequently, less interference. Return Loss is influenced by the cable’s material, connector quality, and physical handling. The industry standard for RL in MTP/MPO cables is generally above 20 dB. High RL is critical, especially for network configurations that require high signal fidelity, such as in high-speed Ethernet applications and distributed cloud environments. Higher Return Loss values ensure that each bit of data transmitted is clear and precise, minimizing packet loss and maximizing throughput.

3. Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

PMD is an optical phenomenon that can limit data rates and transmission distances. It occurs when light waves travel through a fiber at slightly different speeds, causing signal distortion over long distances. PMD is measured in picoseconds per kilometer (ps/km), and lower values are preferable to avoid data transmission errors. In MTP/MPO fiber cables, keeping PMD values within an acceptable range is essential for applications requiring very high data rates, such as 100G, 200G, or even 400G Ethernet. Cable manufacturers often specify a maximum PMD value of less than 0.1 ps/km, which is suitable for ultra-high-speed data centers.

4. Connector Durability

Given that MTP/MPO cables are often plugged, unplugged, and reconfigured frequently, connector durability becomes a crucial KPI. The standard durability for connectors is around 500 to 1,000 mating cycles; however, high-quality MTP/MPO connectors may exceed this range, offering upwards of 1,500 cycles. For organizations that frequently modify network setups, investing in MTP/MPO cables with robust connector durability ensures consistent performance and reduces maintenance costs associated with connector wear and failure. High-durability connectors also minimize the risk of signal degradation, making them suitable for mission-critical network environments.

5. Flexibility and Bend Radius

MTP/MPO fiber cables are often installed in environments where space is at a premium, making flexibility and bend radius essential factors. The bend radius of a cable refers to the minimum radius one can bend the cable without degrading its performance. A smaller bend radius is advantageous as it allows the cable to navigate tight spaces without signal loss. For MTP/MPO fiber cables, a bend-insensitive design can be beneficial as it ensures signal integrity even under tight bends. The ideal bend radius for MTP/MPO fiber cables is typically less than 10mm, making them suitable for high-density installations.

6. Crosstalk and Interference Resistance

In high-density installations, cables are often run parallel to one another, which can lead to crosstalk—unwanted interference between signals in adjacent cables. Effective MTP/MPO cables are designed to minimize crosstalk through enhanced shielding and precise manufacturing techniques. High crosstalk can lead to packet errors, slow down data transmission, and compromise the performance of high-speed networks. Cables with optimized crosstalk resistance are crucial for data centers where hundreds or thousands of cables may be bundled together.

7. Environmental Suitability and Temperature Stability

Depending on the deployment environment, MTP/MPO fiber cables may be exposed to temperature fluctuations, humidity, and physical stress. High-quality MTP/MPO cables are built to withstand temperatures ranging from -40°C to +85°C, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations. Temperature stability ensures that insertion loss and return loss remain within acceptable ranges even in variable environmental conditions. When selecting MTP/MPO cables, it is essential to consider whether they are rated for the specific environment where they will be installed, as this can prevent premature aging and performance degradation.

8. Compliance with Industry Standards

Compliance with standards, such as TIA/EIA-568 and IEC 61754-7, ensures that MTP/MPO cables meet global benchmarks for performance, safety, and compatibility. Compliance with such standards means the cables are manufactured under stringent quality controls, which is critical for consistent performance. Many industry standards also specify guidelines for insertion loss, return loss, and other key performance metrics, providing peace of mind that the cable will perform as expected in a professional environment. When selecting MTP/MPO fiber cables, ensuring they are compliant with these standards can prevent compatibility issues and ensure reliable network performance.

9. Ease of Installation and Compatibility

MTP/MPO cables, especially those with higher fiber counts, can be complex to install. Therefore, it’s essential to choose cables designed for easy installation, with features like color-coded connectors, polarity markings, and pull tabs. Compatibility with existing network infrastructure, such as transceivers and patch panels, is also critical to avoid unnecessary reconfiguration and downtime. MTP/MPO cables with modular designs are particularly useful in scalable data centers, as they can easily be adapted to meet growing data demands.

Selecting an MTP/MPO fiber cable involves a deep understanding of these KPIs and their relevance to your network's performance and scalability. GLSUN offers a range of MTP/MPO fiber cables that meet stringent performance benchmarks and are suitable for both standard and high-density data centers. Visit GLSUN's MTP/MPO Fiber Cable collection for more information and explore options to enhance your network’s efficiency and resilience.

What Are the Different Types of PM Optical Switch Technologies?

Polarization-maintaining (PM) optical switches are essential components in a variety of optical systems, ensuring the polarization state of light remains constant as it passes through. This consistent polarization is crucial for applications requiring precise control and manipulation of polarized light, such as fiber optic sensing, coherent communications, and advanced research. PM optical switches help minimize polarization-dependent loss (PDL) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD), thereby enabling accurate data transmission, high signal-to-noise ratios, and enhanced overall system performance.

PM optical switches can be broadly classified based on their operating mechanisms:

1. Mechanical Optical Switches

Mechanical optical switches work by physically changing the path of light using mechanical components such as prisms, mirrors, or movable optical fibers. In the context of PM switches, these mechanical systems are carefully designed to ensure that the polarization of the light remains constant as the switch operates. These switches offer high reliability and low insertion loss, which makes them effective for handling high-power optical signals. However, they tend to have slower switching speeds, often in the millisecond range, due to the physical movement required for operation. Their mechanical parts are also subject to wear over time, which may reduce their long-term durability. Despite these limitations, mechanical PM switches are ideal for applications like optical testing, monitoring, and network reconfiguration, where slower switching speeds are acceptable.

2. MEMS Optical Switches

MEMS technology utilizes microscopic mirrors or movable components to switch optical paths, allowing for more compact designs and faster switching compared to traditional mechanical switches. However, most MEMS optical switches maintain non-polarization, as controlling micro-scale polarization can be technically challenging. MEMS switches are favored for their high integration, small form factor, and relatively fast switching speeds. However, in applications requiring strict polarization control, they are less commonly used than other types of PM switches. MEMS technology excels in data centers, optical cross-connects, and network reconfigurations, where space and speed are prioritized over polarization sensitivity.

3. Electro-Optic Switches

Electro-optic switches rely on the electro-optic effect, where an electric field changes the refractive index of materials like lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) or indium phosphide (InP), thereby altering the path of the light while preserving its polarization. These switches are renowned for their fast switching speeds, often in the nanosecond to picosecond range, making them ideal for high-speed optical communication systems. Additionally, electro-optic PM switches provide precise control over light, which is critical in sensitive optical networks. However, these devices typically exhibit higher insertion loss compared to mechanical switches and consume more power due to the continuous need for an electric field. Electro-optic switches are primarily used in high-speed data transmission and optical signal processing, where rapid switching and accuracy are essential.

4. Magneto-Optic Switches

Magneto-optic switches utilize the Faraday effect, where the polarization of light is rotated in the presence of a magnetic field. The materials commonly used in these switches include garnets and other magneto-optic crystals. Magneto-optic switches offer reliable, non-mechanical switching, making them well-suited for environments where mechanical systems might fail. However, these switches typically have slower switching times, often in the millisecond range, and their complex design can make them more expensive than other switch types. They are often used in specialized optical signal routing applications, particularly in environments that demand high reliability.

As fiber-optic technology continues to evolve, the demand for reliable and efficient PM optical switches is increasing. The different types of PM optical switch technologies—whether mechanical, MEMS, electro-optic, or magneto-optic—each offer unique advantages and are suited to specific applications, from high-speed data transmission to network reconfiguration.

At GLSUN, we understand the critical role that polarization-maintaining optical switches play in demanding optical systems. We offer a range of PM optical switch solutions tailored to various applications' specific needs.

Why XGS-PON is Essential for FTTx Deployments?

As global internet usage continues to grow, the demand for higher bandwidth and faster speeds has become increasingly critical. To meet these demands, telecommunications companies are turning to advanced technologies like XGS-PON (10 Gigabit Symmetrical Passive Optical Network) for Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) deployments. XGS PON represents a significant evolution from its predecessor, GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network), and offers a range of benefits that make it ideal for modern FTTx networks.

1. Higher Bandwidth Capacity

One of the most significant advantages of XGS-PON is its ability to deliver higher bandwidth. Unlike GPON, which provides 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream, XGS-PON offers symmetrical 10 Gbps speeds for both upstream and downstream. This capacity is crucial for handling the ever-growing data demands driven by applications such as 4K/8K video streaming, online gaming, and cloud computing. By providing 10 Gbps of symmetrical bandwidth, 10G PON ensures that end-users experience seamless, high-speed internet connections, even during peak usage times.

2. Future-Proofing the Network

XGS-PON's higher capacity makes it an excellent choice for future-proofing FTTx deployments. As the digital landscape evolves, the demand for bandwidth-intensive applications will only increase. XGS-PON networks can accommodate these demands without requiring significant infrastructure upgrades. This capability ensures that service providers can continue to deliver competitive offerings in the market, protecting their investments over the long term.

3. Symmetrical Speeds for Enhanced User Experience

Symmetry in internet speeds has become increasingly important as users rely more on cloud services, video conferencing, and online collaboration tools. XGS-PON’s symmetrical 10 Gbps speeds allow for faster uploading and downloading, improving the user experience. For businesses, this means more efficient data handling, quicker backups, and smoother video conferencing. For consumers, it results in faster uploads of high-definition content and an overall more responsive internet experience.

4. Improved Network Efficiency

XGS-PON enhances network efficiency by supporting more users per Optical Line Terminal (OLT) compared to GPON. This efficiency reduces the cost per subscriber for service providers, enabling them to offer competitive pricing. Additionally, the symmetrical nature of XGS-PON reduces congestion during peak times, ensuring consistent service quality.

5. Support for Advanced Services

With its higher bandwidth and symmetrical speeds, XGS-PON is well-suited for supporting advanced services such as 5G backhaul, enterprise services, and smart city applications. The increased capacity allows service providers to deliver a wide range of high-performance services over a single network, improving operational efficiency and opening up new revenue streams.

6. Seamless Upgrade Path

For service providers currently using GPON, upgrading to XGS-PON is relatively straightforward. XGS-PON can coexist with GPON on the same infrastructure, allowing for a gradual upgrade process. This coexistence means that service providers can introduce XGS-PON services without disrupting existing GPON services, minimizing downtime and ensuring a smooth transition for end-users.

7. Cost-Effectiveness

While XGS-PON represents a significant technological advancement, it also offers cost-effective deployment options. The ability to run XGS-PON alongside existing GPON infrastructure reduces the need for costly overhauls. Moreover, as XGS-PON technology becomes more widely adopted, the cost of related hardware and components is expected to decrease, making it an increasingly attractive option for service providers.

8. Enhanced Security Features

In today’s digital age, security is a paramount concern. XGS-PON networks offer enhanced security features that protect against potential threats. The encryption capabilities of XGS-PON ensure that data transmitted over the network is secure, providing peace of mind for both service providers and end-users. Additionally, the ability to isolate specific channels within the network helps in maintaining the integrity of sensitive data transmissions.

9. Scalability and Flexibility

XGS-PON is highly scalable, making it ideal for networks of all sizes, from small local deployments to large-scale metropolitan areas. Its flexibility allows service providers to adapt the network as needed, adding new users and services without significant infrastructure changes. This scalability and flexibility ensure that 10G PON can meet both current and future demands.

10. Environmental Benefits

Finally, XGS-PON contributes to environmental sustainability. The technology enables more efficient use of network resources, reducing the need for extensive physical infrastructure. Additionally, by supporting higher data rates over longer distances, XGS-PON minimizes the need for additional power-hungry equipment, thereby lowering the overall energy consumption of the network.

The many benefits of XGS-PON make it the first choice for service providers to meet the needs of modern Internet usage. Higher bandwidth, symmetrical speeds, scalability, and cost-effectiveness make XGS-PON a future-proof solution that will continue to support the development of digital services. As the digital world continues to expand, the adoption of 10G PON will be key to delivering the high-performance Internet services that consumers and businesses expect.

How Are Optical Components Being Used to Improve the Performance of AI Systems

Optical components play an indispensable role in the rapidly advancing field of AI. Their high performance significantly drives the progress of AI systems. A wide range of high-quality optical components collectively enhance the capabilities of AI applications.

Optical components, such as optical transceivers, fiber optic switches, optical amplifiers, and splitters, are essential for data transmission and networking. These components facilitate high-speed data transfer, low latency, and increased bandwidth, which are crucial for AI systems that require real-time data processing and analysis.

Fiber Optic Transceivers: These devices are used to convert electrical signals into optical signals and vice versa. They are integral to the functioning of data centers and high-performance computing systems that support AI. The use of fiber optic transceivers ensures minimal signal loss and higher data transmission speeds, enabling AI algorithms to process vast amounts of data more efficiently.

Optical Switches: Optical switches control the routing of light signals in a network. They are crucial for managing data traffic and ensuring that AI systems have the necessary data throughput. By using optical switches, AI systems can achieve faster decision-making and improved response times, which are essential for applications such as autonomous vehicles and real-time analytics.

Optical Amplifiers: These devices amplify optical signals without converting them into electrical signals. Optical amplifiers are vital in long-distance data transmission, ensuring that signals remain strong and clear over vast distances. This capability is particularly beneficial for AI systems that rely on large-scale, distributed data processing.

Optical Splitters: Optical splitters divide a single optical signal into multiple signals. They are used in scenarios where data needs to be distributed across various channels or devices. This distribution capability supports AI applications that require simultaneous data access and processing, such as distributed computing environments and cloud-based AI services.

Applications of Optical Components in AI

Data Centers: Modern data centers are the backbone of AI infrastructure. Optical components enable high-speed, low-latency communication between servers, storage systems, and networking equipment, ensuring efficient AI model training and deployment.

Autonomous Vehicles: Autonomous vehicles require real-time data processing to navigate and make decisions. Optical networks provide the necessary speed and reliability for these systems to function safely and effectively.

Telecommunications: In telecommunications, optical components facilitate high-speed data transmission over long distances, supporting the AI algorithms used for network management, traffic optimization, and predictive maintenance.

Healthcare: AI in healthcare relies on the rapid analysis of large datasets, such as medical imaging and genomic data. Optical components ensure that these datasets can be processed and analyzed swiftly, leading to quicker diagnoses and treatment plans.

GLSUN offers a comprehensive range of optical components designed to meet the demanding requirements of AI applications. Our products ensure high-speed data transmission, low latency, and scalability, empowering AI systems to perform at their best.

Magneto-Optical Switches: PM vs Non-PM

Magneto-optical switches are crucial components in modern optical communication and signal processing systems. They are used to control the routing of light through optical fibers by utilizing the magneto-optic effect. However, these switches come in two primary types: polarization-maintaining (PM) and non-polarization-maintaining (non-PM). The primary difference between PM and non-PM magneto-optical switches lies in their ability to preserve the polarization state of light as it passes through the switch. Understanding the differences between these two types is essential for selecting the right switch for a specific application.

Polarization-Maintaining (PM) Magneto-Optical Switches

1. Polarization State Preservation:

PM magneto-optical switches are designed to maintain the polarization state of the input light. This means that if the input light is polarized in a specific direction, the output light will retain this same polarization state. This capability is crucial in applications where the polarization of light needs to be controlled and preserved, such as in certain types of interferometry, fiber optic sensing, and quantum communication.

2. Design and Structure:

PM switches use special polarization-maintaining fibers and components that are carefully aligned to ensure that the polarization state is not altered. They often incorporate birefringent materials and precision alignment techniques to minimize any polarization changes caused by the switch.

3. Applications:

PM switches are used in systems where polarization sensitivity is critical. This includes advanced communication systems, high-precision measurement systems, and certain types of signal processing where maintaining the polarization state is essential for proper operation.

Non-Polarization-Maintaining (Non-PM) Magneto-Optical Switches

1. Polarization State Variation:

Non-PM magneto-optical switches do not preserve the polarization state of the input light. The polarization state of the light can change as it passes through the switch. These switches are generally used in applications where the polarization state is not important, or where the system can tolerate variations in polarization.

2. Design and Structure:

Non-PM switches use standard single-mode or multimode fibers and components, which do not have the specialized structures needed to maintain the polarization state. They are typically simpler and less expensive than PM switches due to the lack of need for precision alignment and specialized materials.

3. Applications:

Non-PM switches are suitable for general-purpose optical switching where the main concern is the routing of the optical signal rather than the maintenance of its polarization state. They are commonly used in telecommunications, data center networks, and other optical networks where polarization is not a critical factor.

How to Choose Magneto Optical Switches?

Selecting the right magneto-optical switch is crucial for ensuring optimal performance and reliability in your applications. Magneto optical switches are essential components in various industries, including telecommunications, data centers, and scientific research. This article will guide you through choosing the perfect magneto-optical switch.

What is Magneto Optical Switch?

Magneto optical switches are devices that use magnetic fields to control the path of light in optical fibers. They are widely used in applications where high-speed data transmission and precise control of optical signals are required. These switches offer several advantages, including low insertion loss, high isolation, and fast switching speeds.

Key Factors to Consider

1. Switching Speed: The switching speed of a magneto optical switch is a critical factor to consider. Faster switching speeds are essential for applications that require rapid data transmission and minimal latency.

2. Insertion Loss: Insertion loss refers to the amount of optical power lost as the signal passes through the switch. Lower insertion loss is desirable for maintaining signal integrity and reducing the need for additional amplification.

3. Isolation: Isolation is the measure of how well the switch can prevent light from leaking into unwanted paths. High isolation is crucial for applications that require precise control of optical signals.

4. Wavelength Range: The wavelength range supported by the optical switch is another important consideration. Ensure that the switch is compatible with the wavelengths used in your application.

5. Reliability and Durability: The reliability and durability of the switch are essential for long-term performance. Look for switches designed to withstand your application's environmental conditions.

GLSUN Magneto Optical Switches

GLSUN is a leading provider of high-quality magneto optical switches. Our products are designed to meet the demanding requirements of various industries, offering superior performance and reliability. Here are some of the key features of GLSUN magneto optical switches:

1. High Switching Speed: offers fast switching speeds, making them ideal for high-speed data transmission applications.

2. Low Insertion Loss: designed to minimize insertion loss, ensuring that your optical signals remain strong and clear.

3. High Isolation: provides excellent isolation, preventing unwanted light leakage and ensuring precise control of optical signals.

4. Wide Wavelength Range: supports a wide range of wavelengths, making them compatible with various applications.

5. Reliability and Durability: GLSUN magneto-optical switches are built to last, with robust designs that can withstand harsh environmental conditions.

GLSUN magneto optical switches are used in a wide range of applications, including:

1. Telecommunications: used in telecommunications networks to route optical signals efficiently and reliably.

2. Data Centers: GLSUN magneto-optical switches are essential for data centers, where high-speed data transmission and precise control of optical signals are critical.

3. Scientific Research: used in scientific research applications, where precise control of optical signals is required for experiments and measurements.

Selecting the right magneto optical switch is essential for ensuring optimal performance and reliability in your applications. GLSUN offers a range of high-quality magneto optical switches that are designed to meet the demanding requirements of various industries. With fast switching speeds, low insertion loss, high isolation, and a wide wavelength range, our switches are the perfect choice for your needs.

Visit glsun.com to explore our range of magneto-optical switches and find the perfect solution for your application.

What role do optical isolators play in fiber optic communication networks?

In the rapidly evolving field of optical communications, ensuring the integrity and efficiency of data transmission is crucial. A key component that plays a vital role in achieving this goal is the optical isolator.

An optical isolator, also known simply as an isolator, is a passive optical device designed to allow light to pass in only one direction. This unidirectional flow prevents any reflected light from traveling back towards the source, which can cause interference and degrade the performance of optical systems. The primary mechanism behind an optical isolator involves Faraday rotation, a magneto-optic effect that rotates the polarization plane of light in the presence of a magnetic field.

Optical isolators are indispensable in optical communication for several reasons:

1. Minimizing Back Reflections

One of the fundamental roles of optical isolators is to minimize back reflections. In optical communication systems, any reflected light can interfere with the original signal, causing noise and reducing the quality of the transmission. Optical isolators block these reflections, ensuring that the signal remains clean and undistorted.

2. Protecting Laser Sources

Laser sources, integral to optical communication, are highly sensitive to back reflections. These reflections can cause fluctuations in the laser output, leading to instability and potential damage. By incorporating optical isolators, the reflected light is prevented from reaching the laser source, thus protecting it from potential harm and ensuring stable operation.

3. Enhancing Signal Quality

By mitigating the effects of reflected light and preventing interference, optical isolators play a crucial role in enhancing the overall quality of the transmitted signal. This is particularly important in high-speed and long-distance optical communication, where even minor disturbances can significantly impact performance.

4. Improving System Reliability

The use of optical isolators contributes to the reliability and robustness of optical communication systems. By protecting critical components like lasers and amplifiers from reflected light, optical isolators help maintain consistent performance and reduce the likelihood of system failures.

Benefits of using optical isolators:

1. Increased Performance

By eliminating back reflections and reducing noise, optical isolators enhance the performance of the entire communication system. This results in higher data transmission rates and better signal quality.

2. Enhanced Protection

Optical isolators protect sensitive components like laser sources and amplifiers from potentially damaging reflected light. This prolongs the lifespan of these components and ensures their stable operation.

3. Improved Efficiency

With fewer disturbances and less noise in the system, the overall efficiency of optical communication networks is improved. This leads to lower error rates and more reliable data transmission.

Optical isolators play a pivotal role in various optical communication applications by minimizing back reflections, protecting laser sources, enhancing signal quality, and improving system reliability. Their applications in telecommunications, data centers, cable television, and optical sensing underscore their versatility and importance. As the demand for high-speed, reliable, and efficient optical communication continues to grow, the role of optical isolators will remain crucial in ensuring the optimal performance of these systems. Integrating optical isolators into optical communication networks not only enhances performance but also contributes to long-term cost savings and operational efficiency.

The Applications of Fiber Optical Switches

Fiber optic switches play a very important role in optical networks. It not only forms the switching core of key equipment in WDM network, but is also the key component in optical network. Featuring advantages such as high speed, high stability and low crosstalk, optical switches are a promising passive optical component and have become the research focus of major telecommunication companies and institutes. The application of optical switches is very wide, featuring various functions.

Application in Protection of Switch Function

Optical switches are usually used for network failure recovery. When optical fiber breaks or other transmission malfunctions occur, optical switches are used to implement circuitous signal routing and switch from the primary route to the standby route. This protection usually requires only the simplest 1X2 optical switch.

Application in Network Monitoring

At the remote optical fiber test point, multiple optical fibers are connected to an optical time-domain reflectometer through 1xN optical switch, and all optical fibers are monitored by switching optical switch. In addition, the network analyzer can be inserted into the optical fiber line by using optical switch to realize online network analysis. This kind of optical switch can also be used for testing fiber optic devices.

Application in Testing Optical Devices

Multiple devices to be measured can be connected via optical fibers, and the device can be tested by monitoring each channel signal of the 1xN optical switch.  

Application in OADM and OXC

Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (OADM) are mainly used in annular MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) to enable single wavelength and multiple wavelengths to go up and down the optical path freely without electrolytic multiplexing or multiplexing processes. OADM implemented with optical switches can be dynamically controlled by software up and down any wavelength, which greatly increases the flexibility of network configuration. Optical Cross Connection (OXC) consists of optical switch matrix, which is mainly used for cross connection of core optical network, fault protection of optical network, dynamic optical path management, flexible addition of new services, etc.  

Established in 2001, GLSUN Group is your reliable raw manufacturing partner who focus on ALL optical line, from DFB 10G, 25G industrial chips, TOCAN, transceivers, passive devices, function modules, slots, and OEM integrated transmission, 5G front-haul equipment.

XGS-PON vs GPON vs EPON for Data Center Connectivity

Data centers are the backbone of our digital world, demanding ever-increasing bandwidth and scalability to support the growing demands of cloud computing, big data analytics, and high-performance computing. As data centers evolve, so too must the technology that underpins them.

Traditional PON technologies, such as GPON and EPON, have served data centers well, but their limitations in bandwidth and scalability are becoming increasingly apparent. XGS-PON, offers a significant leap forward, addressing these limitations and paving the way for a future-proof data center infrastructure.

XGS-PON (10G Symmetrical Passive Optical Network) delivers 10 Gbps symmetrical bandwidth over a single fiber, a substantial improvement over the 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream offered by GPON and the 1 Gbps symmetrical offered by EPON. This high bandwidth enables data centers to handle the demanding traffic generated by modern applications, ensuring seamless operation and optimal performance.

Beyond bandwidth, XGS-PON also offers significant advantages in scalability. Its higher bandwidth allows for a larger number of ONTs (Optical Network Terminals) per OLT (Optical Line Terminal), supporting the expansion of data center infrastructure as demands grow. XGS-PON's scalability also translates to reduced operational costs by minimizing the need for multiple OLTs and reducing cabling complexity.

Here's a detailed comparison:

Why XGS-PON is the Right Choice for Data Centers:

• Unmatched Bandwidth: XGS-PON's 10 Gbps symmetrical bandwidth caters to the demanding bandwidth requirements of modern data center applications.
• Enhanced Scalability: XGS-PON allows for a larger number of ONTs per OLT, making it ideal for the dynamic and evolving nature of data centers.
• Lower Latency: XGS-PON's high bandwidth and optimized protocols contribute to lower latency, which is crucial for real-time applications and data-intensive workloads.
• Future-Proof Investment: XGS-PON provides a future-proof investment, ensuring that data center infrastructure can meet the demands of future applications.

GLSUN is a leading provider of XGS-PON solutions, offering a wide range of high-quality products designed to meet the unique requirements of data centers. Our 10G XGSPON ONU is a perfect example of our commitment to delivering cutting-edge technology for data center connectivity.

What is Optical Isolator and How Does it Work?

Optical isolators are critical components in optical communication systems, laser systems, and various scientific applications. They are designed to allow light to pass in one direction only, effectively preventing unwanted back reflections and feedback that can destabilize or damage laser sources and other optical components.

An optical isolator, is a passive device used in optical systems to allow light transmission in a single direction while blocking light traveling in the opposite direction. This unidirectional flow of light is crucial in protecting laser sources from back reflections, which can lead to noise, instability, or even damage to the laser.

The basic working principle of an optical isolator involves the use of Faraday rotation and polarization. The device typically consists of three main components:

Polarizer: Aligns the incoming light to a specific polarization state.

Faraday Rotator: Utilizes the Faraday effect to rotate the plane of polarization of the light by 45 degrees.

Analyzer: A second polarizer, aligned to pass the rotated light while blocking light that has been reflected back through the system.

When light enters the isolator, it passes through the first polarizer, ensuring that the light is linearly polarized. The Faraday rotator then rotates this polarization by 45 degrees. The light, now with a rotated polarization state, passes through the second polarizer (analyzer) which is aligned to allow this specific polarization. If light reflects back towards the source, it undergoes another 45-degree rotation in the Faraday rotator, making it orthogonal to the first polarizer, which blocks its passage, thus isolating the source from any feedback.

Optical isolators are essential components in protecting optical systems from the detrimental effects of back reflections and feedback. GLSUN offers a diverse range of high-quality optical isolators, each designed to meet specific application needs with high performance and reliability.

What is optical chip?

Optical chips are one of the most basic components in the optical communications industry and one of the links with the highest technical barriers. Optical chips are used to achieve photoelectric signal conversion, which can be further assembled and processed into optoelectronic devices and integrated into transceiver modules of optical communication equipment to achieve a wide range of applications. The performance of the optical chip directly determines the transmission efficiency of the optical communication system.

The three types of optical chips are laser chips, detector chips, and optical amplifier chips. The laser chip is mainly used to emit signals and convert electrical signals into optical signals. The detector chip is mainly used to receive signals and convert optical signals into electrical signals. Optical amplifier chips are used to amplify optical signals and increase transmission distance and transmission rate.

From a material perspective, typical products of optical chips include InP series, GaAs series, Si/SiO2 series, SiP series and LiNbO3 series, etc. Among them, InP series products include high-speed direct modulation DFB and EML chips, PIN and APD chips, high-speed modulator chips, multi-channel tunable laser chips, etc.; GaAs series products include high-speed VCSEL chips, pump laser chips, etc.; Si/SiO2 series Products include PLC, AWG, MEMS chips, etc.; SiP series products include coherent optical transceiver chips, high-speed modulators, optical switches and other chips, as well as TIA, LD Driver, CDR chips, etc.; LiNbO3 series products include high-speed modulator chips, etc.

The manufacturing technology of optical chips is very complex and requires mastering the preparation and processing technology of multiple materials, as well as precise micro-nano processing technology. In addition, the manufacturing process of optical chips requires a highly clean environment that is dust-free, vibration-free, and static-free to ensure the quality and performance of the chip. Therefore, the production cost of optical chips is relatively high, but with the continuous development of technology, the production cost is gradually decreasing.

In the future, the optical communication industry will usher in greater development opportunities with the widespread application of technologies such as 5G and IoT and the continuous growth of data traffic. As the front-end of the optical communication industry chain, the technology and industry chain of optical chips will also be continuously upgraded and improved to provide a more solid foundation and support for the development of optical communication technology.

What's the difference between 2D MEMS and 3D MEMS Switches?

MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) optical switches are devices that use microelectromechanical systems technology to switch light signals between different optical paths. They are typically used in telecommunications and data center applications.

There are two main types of MEMS optical switches: 2D MEMS optical switches and 3D MEMS optical switches.

2D MEMS optical switches have a simple design and are relatively easy to manufacture. They consist of a glass substrate with a thin layer of silicon on top. The silicon layer is patterned with a series of mirrors, which are actuated by electrostatic forces. When an electrical signal is applied to the mirrors, they rotate and reflect the light to the desired output port.

2D MEMS optical switches are available in a variety of configurations, including 1x2, 1x4, and 1x8. They can also be used to switch between multiple wavelengths of light.

3D MEMS optical switches are more complex than 2D MEMS optical switches, but they offer a number of advantages. 3D MEMS optical switches have a smaller footprint and are less power-hungry than 2D MEMS optical switches. They also offer lower insertion loss and crosstalk.

3D MEMS optical switches are available in a variety of configurations, including 1x2, 1x4, and 1x8. They can also be used to switch between multiple wavelengths of light.

2D MEMS Switches vs 3D MEMS Switches

MEMS optical switches are used in a variety of applications, including:

* Telecommunications

* Data centers

* Medical imaging

* Industrial automation

* Aerospace

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We provide customized solutions for a full range of optical switches, including relays, stepper motors, MEMS, magnets and nanosecond types. With the features of low loss, fast, cost-effective and reliable. Widely used in fiber optic communication, fiber optic sensing, quantum computing, network security and monitoring, etc.

What is High-Power Silicon Photonic DFB LD Chip?

Silicon photonics refers to the use of silicon as a platform for creating photonic integrated circuits (PICs). These circuits combine optical components such as lasers, modulators, and detectors with electronic circuits on a single chip. Silicon photonics leverages the existing CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) fabrication infrastructure, which is widely used in the semiconductor industry for manufacturing electronic chips. This integration allows for high-volume, low-cost production of complex photonic devices.

A DFB laser diode uses a grating structure within the laser cavity to provide feedback and ensure single-mode operation. This grating selectively amplifies the desired wavelength, resulting in a narrow linewidth and high spectral purity. DFB lasers are known for their stability, efficiency, and ability to produce coherent light, which is crucial for high-speed optical communication.

Integrating a DFB laser diode with silicon photonics involves several innovative techniques. The laser diode can be directly grown on a silicon substrate or bonded using techniques such as wafer bonding. The integration allows for the creation of highly compact and efficient photonic circuits that combine the laser source with other optical components on a single chip.

Key performance metrics for high-power silicon photonic DFB LD chips include:

Output Power: The maximum optical power output, typically measured in milliwatts (mW).

Threshold Current: The minimum current required to initiate lasing, measured in milliamperes (mA).

Slope Efficiency: The efficiency with which the laser converts electrical power into optical power, measured in watts per ampere (W/A).

Linewidth: The spectral width of the laser emission, typically measured in megahertz (MHz) or kilohertz (kHz).

Side Mode Suppression Ratio (SMSR): The ratio of the power of the main mode to the power of the strongest side mode, indicating the purity of the lasing mode.

Applications of High-Power Silicon Photonic DFB LD Chips

Telecommunications

One of the primary applications of high-power silicon photonic DFB LD chips is in telecommunications. These chips enable high-speed data transmission over long distances, supporting the backbone of modern communication networks. They are integral to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, where multiple wavelengths are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber, significantly increasing the bandwidth.

Data Centers

As data centers expand to meet the growing demand for cloud services and big data, there is a pressing need for efficient, high-speed interconnects. Silicon photonic DFB LD chips provide the high power and integration required to support the rapid transfer of data between servers and storage devices, enhancing the performance and energy efficiency of data centers.

High-Performance Computing (HPC)

In high-performance computing environments, low-latency and high-bandwidth communication between processors and memory is crucial. Silicon photonic DFB LD chips enable the development of optical interconnects that can meet these demands, facilitating advancements in fields such as scientific research, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

Sensing and Metrology

Beyond communications, these chips find applications in various sensing and metrology applications. They are used in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems for accurate distance measurement and 3D mapping, essential for autonomous vehicles and robotics. They are also employed in spectroscopy and other scientific instruments that require stable, high-power laser sources.

Medical Applications

In the medical field, 1550nm high-power silicon photonic DFB LD chips are used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. They are ideal for applications such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provides high-resolution imaging of biological tissues, and laser surgery, where precise control of the laser beam is essential.

BOSA – What is it? How is it produced?

The most important and core thing in optical communication is the optical module. In the historical development of optical communication, the main thing is the innovation of the performance indicators of the optical transceiver module. The most basic function of the optical transceiver is to complete the optical-to-electrical or electro-to-optical conversion function of the optical signal, in other words, to complete the photoelectric conversion. Its interior mainly comprises optical devices, functional circuits, and optical interfaces.

Among them, optical devices are the main components of optical transceiver modules. One is TOSA (Transmitting Optical Sub-Assembly, light emitting component), and the other is ROSA (Receiving Optical Sub-Assembly, light receiving component).

The optical devices used in early optical modules were separate for receiving and transmitting. With the development of miniaturization, the two were combined into one to form BOSA (Bi-Directional Optical Sub-Assembly, light transmitting and receiving assembly).

What is BOSA?

Bi-Directional Optical Sub-Assembly (BOSA) refers to a single-fiber bidirectional optical device, which mainly consists of a transmitting laser, a receiving detector, an adapter, a filter, a base, an isolator and a die sleeve. TOSA and ROSA can also be integrated into the transceiver of the light source (LD and PIN/APD) through the coaxial coupling process, plus components composed of splitters, optical fibers, etc. The main function is to convert electrical signals and optical signals into each other.

BOSA Key Components

BOSA mainly contains the following key components:

BOSA Production Process

The main production process of BOSA is: marking - installing beam splitter - assembling LD - LD assembly surface inspection and spot welding - transmitting coupling - welding - receiving coupling - glue sealing - transmitting and receiving parameter detection.

1. Marking: A laser is used to print an“ID card”on the outside of the metal structure of the component, and its parameters are entered into the system to facilitate tracking and inspection.

2. Install the beam splitter: The role of the beam splitter is to separate the light received and emitted in the optical fiber. The LD is press-fitted into a metal structural part with a beam splitter mounted on it.

3. LD assembly surface inspection and spot welding: The assembled metal structural parts with LD are inspected under a microscope to check the press-fitting effect to see if there are any undesirable conditions such as pin tilt. After checking that there are no problems, the LD and structural parts will be laser spot welded to fix the LD.

4. Emission coupling and welding: By adjusting the relative position of the SC connector structural part and the LD, the light emitted by the LD is coupled into the optical fiber of the SC connector part as much as possible. After the adjustment is completed, the structural parts of the SC joint part and the structural parts with the LD pressed are fixed by laser spot welding.

5. Receiving coupling and sealing: It is to adjust the relative position of the PD and the structural parts equipped with LD so that more optical signals from the optical fiber are coupled to the PD to improve the receiving sensitivity of the PD. After the adjustment reaches the index requirements, the PD and structural parts are glued and sealed to fix the PD.

What is Optical Cross-Connection (OXC) in OTN?

Optical cross-connection (OXC) is a fundamental technology in optical transport networks (OTNs) that revolutionizes the way optical signals are switched and routed. OXC enables dynamic and flexible reconfiguration of optical paths, improving network efficiency, reliability, and scalability. Today, we will explore the concept, benefits, and implementation of OXC in OTN networks.

OTN, a high-speed optical networking technology, underpins the backbone of modern communication networks. OTN networks handle massive volumes of data traffic, including voice, video, and internet, over long distances with high bandwidth and low latency. OXC serves as the cornerstone of OTN networks, providing the means to dynamically establish, modify, and release optical connections in response to changing traffic demands and network conditions.

How Does OXC Work?

OXC devices, also known as optical cross-connects, are intelligent network elements that perform optical switching. They receive optical signals from multiple input ports and selectively direct them to specific output ports based on preconfigured switching tables. OXC devices leverage various technologies, such as wavelength-selective switches (WSS) and MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) switches, to achieve this switching functionality.

Technologies of OXC:

1. Wavelength-Selective Switches (WSS): WSS-based OXC devices employ a combination of gratings and mirrors to selectively switch optical signals based on their wavelengths. Each input signal is directed to a specific wavelength channel, enabling flexible routing to any output port.

2. MEMS Switches: MEMS-based OXC devices utilize tiny movable mirrors to redirect optical signals to different output ports. These mirrors are actuated by electrical signals, allowing for rapid and precise switching of optical paths. MEMS switches offer low insertion loss, high port count, and fast switching speeds.

Advantages of OXC in OTN Networks:

1. Network Flexibility: OXC enables dynamic reconfiguration of optical paths, allowing network operators to optimize traffic flow, avoid congestion, and reroute signals around network failures or maintenance activities.

2. Protection and Restoration: OXC plays a crucial role in implementing protection and restoration mechanisms in OTN networks. It facilitates rapid rerouting of optical signals in the event of a link or node failure, ensuring uninterrupted service and minimizing downtime.

3. Scalability: OXC simplifies network expansion and scale-out by providing a flexible way to add or remove network nodes and links. New services and traffic demands can be easily accommodated by reconfiguring OXC devices.

4. Cost Reduction: OXC reduces the need for costly and complex multiplexing and demultiplexing equipment, resulting in lower overall network costs. Additionally, OXC enables more efficient utilization of network resources, leading to operational cost savings.

5. Improved Network Performance: OXC contributes to improved network performance by reducing signal delay, minimizing jitter and latency, and optimizing overall network utilization.

Types of 400G Transceivers

400G optical transceivers are compact, high-performance devices designed to transmit and receive data at a staggering rate of 400 gigabits per second (Gbps). These modules serve as the essential interface between network equipment and optical fibers, converting electrical signals into light pulses and vice versa. By leveraging advanced optical technologies, 400G transceivers enable ultra-fast and reliable data transfer over long distances, catering to the ever-increasing demands of bandwidth-intensive applications.

As an important product in the field of optical communication transmission, optical modules are widely used in high-performance data centers, communication networks, large-scale computing, cloud computing and other fields. In the field of data centers, 400G optical modules can meet the needs for large bandwidth, low latency, and high reliability required for the development of cloud computing and big data. It is also suitable for scenarios such as long-distance transmission and high-speed transmission.

Several different types of 400G transceivers exist, each optimized for specific applications and network configurations. Some of the most common types include:

400G OSFP:

The full name of OSFP is Octal Small Formfactor Pluggable. Octal refers to 8, meaning octal, which means directly using 56G electrical signals, 856GbE, but the 56GbE signal is formed by a 25G DML laser under the modulation of PAM4. This standard is a new interface standard and is incompatible with existing optical and electrical interfaces.

OSFP comes with its own heat sink and has a slightly larger form factor than QSFP-DD but offers additional features such as enhanced thermal management and improved signal integrity. It also uses eight 50 Gbps lanes for data transmission.

400G QSFP-DD:

Q in QSFP-DD refers to "Quad", which means 4 channels. Each QSFP56 is 456Gbe, forming a 200G signal; DD refers to "Double Densiy", which means there are two QSFP56 in parallel, 2200G generates a 400Gbe signal, the full name It is Quad Smal Fom Factor Pluoable-Double Density. This solution is an expansion of QSFP. It adds one line to the original 4-channel interface and turns it into 8 channels. It is smaller in size than OSFP and is compatible with existing 40GbE QSFP and 100GbE QSFP28 interfaces. The original QSFP28 module can still be used, and you only need to insert another module to achieve a smooth upgrade.

This popular form factor offers high density and low power consumption, making it ideal for data center applications. It utilizes eight electrical lanes operating at 50 Gbps each to achieve the aggregate 400G data rate.

400G CFP8:

CFP8 is an expansion of CFP4. The number of channels is increased to 8 channels, and the size is also increased accordingly. Using 16 25G parallel signals can quickly complete the launch and application of 400G products, but the cost is high. You need to use 1625G optical devices, or use PLC splitters to reduce the number of lasers, but the LOSS of the splitters is very high. , which directly leads to a relatively large emission power of the laser, thus increasing the cost. The power consumption is also high, the panel interface density is too low, and the size is large.

This module is designed for longer-reach applications in telecommunication networks. It utilizes 16 electrical lanes operating at 25 Gbps each to achieve the 400G data rate.

400G optical modules also can be categorized based on their transmission mode and reach:

Single-mode vs. Multi-mode:

Single-mode modules transmit data over longer distances using a single light path, while multi-mode modules are suitable for shorter distances and utilize multiple light paths.

Short-reach vs. Long-reach:

Depending on the application, 400G modules can be optimized for different transmission distances, ranging from within data centers to across continents.

What is GPON?

Passive Optical Network (PON) technology has become one of the mainstream technologies for Fiber-to-the-X (FTTx) network construction. As users' demand for high bandwidth continues to grow, especially with the popularization of high-traffic applications such as OTT video and 4K TV, operators have included 10G GPON technology in their schedules to meet users' urgent need for faster and more reliable network connections. GPON is generally divided into GPON, XG-PON and XGS-PON.

Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) is an optical fiber transmission technology that uses a single optical fiber line to transmit data to achieve high-speed, high-bandwidth network connections. The basic principles of GPON involve light transmission and the use of optical splitters. In the GPON network, an optical fiber line connects multiple users and distributes signals to different end users through optical splitters to achieve data transmission.

The architecture of GPON includes optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU). The OLT is responsible for communicating with the ONU on the user side, and the ONU is responsible for communicating with the user equipment. This distributed structure enables the GPON system to support a large number of users and be widely used in different fields.

1. GPON Technical Specifications

Among the technical specifications of GPON, one of the most prominent features is its high bandwidth requirements. GPON is typically capable of providing transmission rates of 1.25 Gbps (downstream direction) and 2.5 Gbps (upstream direction). This high bandwidth makes GPON excellent in supporting high-traffic applications such as high-definition video and large-capacity file transfer.

In addition, GPON also has certain advantages in distance. Fiber optic transmission allows signal transmission distances to reach tens of kilometers, which enables GPON to meet a wide range of network topology needs.

Since the uplink rate of GPON is relatively low, the cost of ONU's sending components (such as lasers) is also low, so the total price of the equipment is low.

2. GPON Features

High bandwidth: GPON can provide transmission rates of up to 2.5 Gbps (uplink) and 1.25 Gbps (downlink), which enables it to meet users' needs for high-speed broadband connections.

Point-to-multipoint architecture: GPON uses a point-to-multipoint optical fiber transmission architecture to connect an optical line terminal (OLT) and multiple optical network units (ONU) through an optical fiber line. This distributed architecture allows multiple users to share the same optical fiber, improving network resource utilization.

Symmetric and asymmetric transmission: GPON supports symmetric and asymmetric transmission, that is, the uplink and downlink transmission rates can be different. This enables the network to better adapt to the needs of different users and applications.

ITU-T standards: The technical specifications of GPON are formulated by the Telecommunications Sector of the International Telecommunications (ITU-T) and are specifically defined in the G.984.x series of recommendations. This provides a unified standard for equipment from different manufacturers and increases the interoperability of equipment.

3. GPON Advantages and Limitations

One of the advantages of GPON is its relatively low cost. Fiber optic networks are often more cost-effective than traditional copper cable networks, especially in large-scale deployments. In addition, GPON supports symmetric and asymmetric transmission, making it suitable for different application scenarios.

However, GPON also has some limitations. Due to its limitations in transmission rate and bandwidth, the network may face bandwidth bottlenecks when user demands continue to increase. Upgrading the GPON system to meet higher requirements may face some technical and economic challenges.

4. GPON Application Scenarios

Home broadband network: GPON provides home users with high-speed and stable broadband connections, supporting high-definition video streaming, online games and other needs.

Enterprise network: In an enterprise environment, GPON can provide reliable communication infrastructure to meet the needs of enterprises for daily office work and large-scale data transmission.

Government and campus networks: GPON is also widely used in government agencies and school networks, meeting the needs of these institutions for high-bandwidth and high-stability networks.

What Are the Key Components of Optical Transceiver Module?

The function of optical transceiver module is to perform photoelectric conversion, and its internal TOSA, ROSA and BOSA are the key components to realize the photoelectric conversion function. The optical device is composed of transmitter and receiver to complete the optical-electrical or electrical-optical conversion of optical signals.

The interior is composed of optical devices, functional circuits and optical interfaces. The optical device is the main component of the optical transceiver module.

The optical devices used for optical signal conversion are called TOSA and ROSA.

TOSA (Transmitting Optical Sub-Assembly) mainly completes the conversion of electrical signals into optical signals. With the light source (semiconductor light-emitting diode or laser diode) as the core, LD chip, monitor photodiode (MD) and other components are packaged in a TO coaxial package or butterfly package, which constitutes TOSA.

In TOSA, laser diode is the most commonly used semiconductor emitting device for optical transceiver modules. Threshold current (Ith) and slope efficiency (S) are the two main parameters. In order to make the LD work quickly, a DC bias current slightly greater than the threshold current must be provided to the LD, that is, the laser is emitted only when the forward current exceeds the threshold current.

ROSA (Resceiving Optical Sub-Assembly) optical receiving assembly, in the high data rate optical fiber module, PIN or APD photodiode and TIA are usually assembled in a sealed metal casing to form an optical receiving assembly.

The figure below is the schematic diagram of the optical module ROSA, which is composed of a photodetector (PIN/APD), a TIA pre-amplifier, and a limiting amplifier.

Photodetector, the main device of ROSA, is mainly used to convert optical signals into electronic signals through the photoelectric effect. The common photodetectors in optical communications are PIN photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs). APDs are high-sensitivity photodetectors that use the avalanche multiplication effect to double the photocurrent. Compared with PIN photodiode, the receiving sensitivity of APD can be improved by 6~10dB.

The weak signal current generated by the photodetector is converted into a signal voltage of sufficient magnitude by the preamplifier TIA, and then output. TIA is actually a voltage converter, which converts electro-optic current into voltage.

At this time, the voltage signal output by the TIA is still an analog signal, which needs to be converted into a digital signal before the signal processing circuit can recognize it. The function of the Poster Amplifier behind the TIA is to convert signals of different amplitudes into digital signals with the same amplitude.

After introducing TOSA and ROSA, let's take a look at what is BOSA?

With the development of process level technology, the modules can be made smaller. TOSA and ROSA integrate the transmission and reception of light (LD and PIN/APD) through the coaxial coupling process, plus splitters, optical fibers and other components, called BOSA (Bi-Directional Optical Sub-Assembly).

Nowadays, the high-speed optical transceiver module integrates high-performance DSP at the receiving end, and its performance in terms of dispersion and noise processing is really good.